Electric Light Sources – Properties, Selection, and Specification

CONTENTS

• 1.0 Introduction and Scope
• 2.0 Solid State Lighting
• 2.1 How LEDs Work
  2.1.1 The Light Emitting Diode
  2.1.2 Organic LEDs (OLEDs)
• 2.2 Types of LEDs
• 2.3 LED Characteristics
  2.3.1 Materials
  2.3.2 Size
  2.3.3 Energy Output
  2.3.4 Color
  2.3.5 Correlated Color Temperature
  2.3.6 Color Rendering
  2.3.7 Creating White Light
  2.3.8 Spectral Power Distribution
  2.3.9 Luminous Flux
  2.3.10 Spatial Distribution
  2.3.11 Electrical Characteristics
  2.3.12 Thermal Characteristics
  2.3.13 Phosphor and Lens Placement
  2.3.14 Luminous Efficacy
  2.3.15 Luminous Flux Maintenance
  2.3.16 Chromaticity Variance
  2.3.17 Failure Rate
• 2.4 OLED Characteristics
  2.4.1 Material
  2.4.2 Spectral Distribution
  2.4.3 Creating White Light
  2.4.4 Efficacy
  2.4.5 Luminous Flux Maintenance
  2.4.6 Chromaticity Variance
• 2.5 Components of LED Systems and How They Work
  2.5.1 Electrical Model
  2.5.2 Optics
  2.5.3 Thermal Management and Heat Sinks
  2.5.4 LED Lighting Power Sources
• 2.6 LED Lighting System Performance Considerations
  2.6.1 Impacts of Operating Environment
  2.6.2 Light Output
  2.6.3 System Efficacy
  2.6.4 Utilization Efficiency
  2.6.5 Glare
• 2.7 Light Source Performance Comparison
• 2.8 Safety
• 2.9 Environmental and Health Considerations
  2.9.1 Life Cycle Cost
  2.9.2 Hazardous Materials
  2.9.3 Disposal
  2.9.4 Light Pollution
  2.9.5 Circadian Rhythm
  2.9.6 Flicker
• 2.10 Applications
  2.10.1 Signage
  2.10.2 Automotive Applications
  2.10.3 Health and Medical Applications
  2.10.4 Large-Scale Displays
  2.10.5 Small-Scale Displays
  2.10.6 General Lighting Applications
  2.10.7 Architectural Lighting
  2.10.8 Stage and Studio Lighting
  2.10.9 Horticultural and Agricultural Lighting
  2.10.10 Other Applications
  2.10.11 Oled Applications
  2.10.12 Quantum DOT Applications
  2.10.13 Data Communication-Related Applications
• 3.0 Fluorescent
• 3.1 Properties
  3.1.1 General Principles of Operation
  3.1.2 Construction
  3.1.3 Form Factor
  3.1.4 Color Properties
  3.1.5 Luminous Intensity Distribution
  3.1.6 Controllability
  3.1.7 Operating Characteristics
  3.1.8 Energy Efficiency
  3.1.9 Light Source Life and Lumen Maintenance
  3.1.10 Nomenclature
  3.1.11 Environmental Impact
• 3.2 Specification and Selection
  3.2.1 The Most Common Types of Fluorescent Lamps
  3.2.2 Ballasts
  3.2.3 Flicker
• 4.0 Induction Fluorescent
• 4.1 Properties
  4.1.1 General Principles of Operation
  4.1.2 Construction
  4.1.3 Form Factor
  4.1.4 Color Properties
  4.1.5 Operating Characteristics
• 4.2 Selection and Specification
• 5.0 Cold Cathode
• 5.1 Properties
  5.1.1 General Operating Principles
  5.1.2 Form Factor
  5.1.3 Color Properties
  5.1.4 Controllability
  5.1.5 Operating Characteristics
  5.1.6 Energy Efficiency
  5.1.7 Lifetime and Lumen Maintenance
  5.1.8 Special Considerations
• 5.2 Selection and Specification
• 6.0 Metal Halide (MH)
• 6.1 Properties
  6.1.1 General Principles of Operation
  6.1.2 Construction
  6.1.3 Form Factor
  6.1.4 Color Properties
  6.1.5 Color Uniformity and Stability
  6.1.6 Color Uniformity in the Beam
  6.1.7 Luminous Intensity Distribution
  6.1.8 Controllability, Including Dimming
  6.1.9 Operating Characteristics
  6.1.10 Luminous Efficacy
  6.1.11 Energy Efficiency
  6.1.12 Lifetime and Lumen Maintenance
  6.1.13 Special Considerations
• 6.2 Selection and Specification
  6.2.1 Ballasts
  6.2.2 Dimming
  6.2.3 Sports Lighting
• 7.0 High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
• 7.1 Properties
  7.1.1 General Principles of Operation
  7.1.2 Construction
  7.1.3 Color Properties
  7.1.4 Controllability, Including Dimming
  7.1.5 Operating Characteristics
  7.1.6 Luminous Efficacy
  7.1.7 Lifetime and Lumen Maintenance
  7.1.8 Special Considerations
• 7.2 Selection and Specification
• 8.0 Plasma
• 8.1 Properties
  8.1.1 General Principles of Operation
  8.1.2 Construction
  8.1.3 Color Properties
  8.1.4 Operating Characteristics
  8.1.5 Energy Efficiency
  8.1.6 Lifetime and Lumen Maintenance
• 8.2 Selection and Specification
• 9.0 Filament
• 9.1 Properties
  9.1.1 General Principles of Operation
  9.1.2 Construction
  9.1.3 Form Factor
  9.1.4 Color Properties
  9.1.5 Luminous Intensity Distribution
  9.1.6 Controllability
  9.1.7 Operating Characteristics
  9.1.8 Luminous Efficacy
  9.1.9 Energy Efficiency
  9.1.10 Lifetime and Lumen Maintenance
  9.1.11 Nomenclature
• 9.2 Specification and Selection
  9.2.1 General Lighting Service (GLS) Lamps
  9.2.2 Reflector Lamps
  9.2.3 Double-Ended Lamps
• 10.0 Low Pressure Sodium (LPS)
• 10.1 Properties
  10.1.1 General Principles of Operation
  10.1.2 Color Properties
  10.1.3 Operating Characteristics
• 11.0 Miscellaneous
• Annex A – Light Source Comparison Tables
• References