Designing and Specifying Daylighting for Buildings

CONTENTS

• 1.0 Introduction and Scope
• 2.0 Daylighting Benefits
• 3.0 Daylighting Challenges
• 3.1 Daylight Glare
• 3.2 Unwanted Solar Heat Gain
• 3.3 Daylight’s Dynamic Nature
• 3.4 Electric Lighting Controls
• 3.5 Integrated Design
• 4.0 Daylighting Design
• 4.1 Daylighting Design and the Building Construction Process
  4.1.1 Daylighting Goals
  4.1.2 Prerequisites
  4.1.3 Programming
  4.1.4 Schematic Design: Building Form and Siting
  4.1.5 Design Development
  4.1.6 Construction Documentation
  4.1.7 Construction Administration
  4.1.8 Commissioning
• 4.2 Performance Parameters
  4.2.1 Performance Metrics for Daylighting – General
  4.2.2 Illuminance Metrics
  4.2.2.1 Daylight Factor (DF)
  4.2.2.2 Single-Point-in-Time Metrics
  4.2.2.3 Annual Daylight Performance Metrics
  4.2.3 Luminance-Based Metrics
  4.2.3.1 Glare
  4.2.3.2 Other Luminance-Based Metrics
• 5.0 Context Parameters
• 5.1 Daylight Sources
  5.1.1 The Sun
  5.1.1.1 The Solar Spectrum
  5.1.1.2 Solar Angle and Sun Paths
  5.1.1.3 Sun Path Diagrams
  5.1.2 The Sky
  5.1.2.1 Standard Sky Luminance Distributions
  5.1.3 Daylight Availability
  5.1.3.1 Perez and CIE Skies
  5.1.4 Reflected Daylight
• 5.2 Daylight Characteristics
  5.2.1 Magnitude of Illuminance
  5.2.2 Spectral Distribution
  5.2.3 Color Temperature
  5.2.4 Color Rendering
  5.2.5 Luminous Efficacy
  5.2.5.1 Radiant Luminous Efficacy
  5.2.5.2 Lighting System Luminous Efficacy
• 5.3 Programmatic Characteristics
  5.3.1 Occupant Needs
  5.3.2 Budget
  5.3.3 Site and Climate
• 6.0 Design Parameters
• 6.1 Schematic Design Decisions
  6.1.1 Operations and Maintenance
  6.1.2 Apertures
  6.1.3 Glazing Materials
  6.1.4 Integration with Furnishings
  6.1.5 Material Degradation
  6.1.6 Energy
• 6.2 Building Shape and Mass
• 6.3 Building Orientation
  6.3.1 Vertical Shadow Angle
  6.3.2 Generalized Sun Positions
  6.3.3 Horizontal Elements
  6.3.4 Orientation Relative to Polar North
• 6.4 The Building Design
  6.4.1 Layout of Interior Spaces
  6.4.2 Exterior Landscape and Hardscape
  6.4.3 Façade Design
  6.4.4 Daylight Apertures
  6.4.5 Reflective Properties of Surfaces
• 7.0 Daylight Delivery Methods
• 7.1 Sidelighting
  7.1.1 View Window Size and Position
  7.1.2 Light Shelves
  7.1.3 Sidelighting and Interior Surfaces
  7.1.4 Sloped Glazing
• 7.2 Toplighting
  7.2.1 Skylights
  7.2.1.1 Clear vs. Translucent
  7.2.1.2 Skylight Wells
  7.2.1.3 Skylight Shape, Size, and Spacing
  7.2.1.4 Advanced Optical Systems for Skylights
  7.2.2 Tubular Daylighting Devices (TDDs)
  7.2.3 Clerestories, Monitors, and Sawtooth Roofs
• 7.3 Atria
• 7.4 Core Sunlighting
  7.4.1 Possible Benefits of Incorporating Both Active Core Sunlighting and Conventional Daylighting Delivery Methods
• 8.0 Fenestration Technologies
• 8.1 Fenestration Properties
  8.1.1 Solar and Optical Properties
  8.1.2 Visible Transmittance
  8.1.3 Dirt Factor
• 8.2 Thermal Properties
  8.2.1 U-factor
  8.2.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
  8.2.3 Light-to-Solar-Gain Ratio
• 8.3 Tuning the Glazing on Each Building Elevation
• 8.4 National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
• 9.0 Glazing Systems
• 9.1 Glass
  9.1.1 Architectural Glass
  9.1.2 Insulated Glazing Units
  9.1.3 Low Iron
  9.1.4 Self-Cleaning Glass
  9.1.5 Laminated Glass
  9.1.6 Glass Strength
  9.1.7 Acrylic and Polycarbonate
  9.1.8 Prismatic Materials
  9.1.9 Sandwich and Cellular Panels
  9.1.10 Embedded Systems
• 9.2 Tinted Glazings
• 9.3 Reflective Glazings
• 9.4 Low-e and Spectrally Selective Coatings
• 9.5 Diffusing Glazings
• 9.6 Frits and Screens
• 9.7 Light-Redirecting Materials
• 9.8 Dynamic Glazings
• 9.9 Retrofit Films
• 10.0 Shading Systems
• 10.1 Shades and Daylighting Design
• 10.2 Interior Shading Systems
  10.2.1 Blinds
  10.2.2 Fabric Shades
• 10.3 Exterior Shading Systems
• 10.4 Exterior vs. Interior Shading Systems
• 10.5 Horizontal vs. Vertical Shading Elements
• 10.6 Top Shading: Static Systems
• 10.7 Dynamic Shading Systems
  10.7.1 Manual Operation
  10.7.2 Automatic Operation
• 11.0 Frame Systems
• 12.0 Electric Lighting Integration
• 12.1 Toplighting
• 12.2 Sidelighting
• 13.0 Electric Lighting Controls
• 13.1 Switching and Dimming
  13.1.1 Switching
  13.1.2 Dimming
• 13.2 Determining Available Daylight
• 13.3 Time-Based Strategies
• 13.4 Photosensing Strategies
  13.4.1 Open-Loop Strategy Implementation
  13.4.2 Closed-Loop Strategies
• 13.5 Photosensor Characteristics
  13.5.1 Spectral Sensitivity
  13.5.2 Directional Sensitivity
• 13.6 Control Algorithms
  13.6.1 Electric Lighting Zones
  13.6.2 Switching Algorithms
  13.6.3 On/Off Switching
  13.6.4 Stepped Switching: Closed-Loop
  13.6.5 Stepped Switching: Open-Loop
  13.6.6 Dimming Algorithms
  13.6.7 Constant Set Point: Closed-Loop
  13.6.8 Sliding Set Point: Open and Closed Loops
  13.6.9 Single-Sensor Approaches
• 13.7 Photosensor Controls Commissioning
• 13.8 Emerging Technologies
  13.8.1 Automated Continuous Calibration
  13.8.2 Multi-sensor Systems
  13.8.3 Customized Directional Sensitivities
• 14.0 Daylight Performance Simulation and Design Tools
• 14.1 Manual Methods and Tools
  14.1.1 Determining Sunlight Penetration
  14.1.2 Assessing Visual Comfort
  14.1.3 Sun Path Diagrams
  14.1.4 Physical Scale Models
  14.1.5 Massing Models
  14.1.6 Photometric Models
• 14.2 Computer-Based Methods and Tools
  14.2.1 Daylight Performance Simulation Tools
  14.2.2 Daylight Software Modeling Notes
  14.2.3 Specific Daylighting Software Tools
  14.2.4 Energy Performance Simulation Tools
• Annex A – Formulary
• A.1 Solar Position
• A.2 Daylight Availability from IES Standard Skies
• A.3 Lumen Method of Toplighting